Preheat oven to 350°F (175°C). Line a 9 x 9-inch (23 x 23 cm) baking pan with parchment paper, leaving enough overhang on the sides to lift the brownies out later. For a 9 x 13-inch (23 x 33 cm) pan, increase all ingredients by 50% and expect a slightly longer baking time.
In a large mixing bowl, whisk together the melted butter, granulated sugar, and brown sugar until smooth. Add the eggs and vanilla extract and whisk until fully combined.
¾ cup (170 g) unsalted butter, 1 cup (200 g) granulated sugar, ⅓ cup (67 g) light brown sugar, 2 large eggs, 1 tsp (5 ml) vanilla extract
Add the cocoa powder, flour, and salt and stir gently just until no dry streaks remain. Fold in the chocolate chips and spread the batter evenly into the prepared pan.
½ cup (50 g) unsweetened cocoa powder, ¾ cup (94 g) all-purpose flour, ½ tsp (2 g) table salt, ½ cup (120 g) semi-sweet chocolate chips
Bake for 28 to 32 minutes, or until the edges are set and a toothpick inserted near the center comes out with moist crumbs attached. Avoid overbaking so the brownie layer stays dense and fudgy once chilled. Let the brownies cool completely before adding the peanut butter layer.
To make the peanut butter layer, beat the peanut butter and softened butter together until smooth. Add the confectioners' sugar and vanilla extract and mix until thick. Add the heavy cream one tablespoon at a time until the mixture becomes thick but spreadable.
1 cup (255 g) creamy peanut butter, 6 tbsps (85 g) unsalted butter, 2 cups (240 g) confectioners' sugar, 1 tsp (5 ml) vanilla extract, 2 to 3 tbsps (30 to 45 ml) heavy cream
Spread the peanut butter layer evenly over the cooled brownies, reaching all the way to the edges. Refrigerate the pan for about 30 minutes so the layer firms slightly before adding the chocolate topping.
Place the chocolate chips and heavy cream in a microwave-safe bowl. Microwave in 30-second intervals, stirring after each interval, until melted and smooth. You can also do this on the stovetop over low heat. Stir in the butter, if using, for a softer texture and extra shine.
1½ cups (360 g) semi-sweet chocolate chips, ¾ cup (180 ml) heavy cream, 1 tbsp (14 g) unsalted butter
Pour the ganache over the chilled peanut butter layer and spread evenly with an offset spatula or the back of a spoon. Refrigerate for one hour, or until the chocolate layer is firm enough to slice.
Use the parchment overhang to lift the brownies from the pan. Slice with a sharp knife, wiping the blade clean between cuts for neater layers. Store refrigerated for the thickest peanut butter texture and the fudgiest brownie consistency.